Economic consolidation of micro region XVI, in the south of the
State of Hidalgo, Mexico
Consolidación económica de la micro región XVI, al sur del
Estado de Hidalgo, México
Fecha de recepción: 19 de marzo de 2024
Fecha de aceptación: 14 de junio de 2024
1
Rodrigo Rafael González González
Maximiliano Gracia Hernández 2
1Consultor independiente. Maestro en Planeación y Desarrollo Regional por El Colegio del Estado de Hidalgo, México. Correo
electrónico: rodrigorafael.gogo@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/000-0001-5661-3605
Doctor en Economía, profesor-investigador en El Colegio del Estado de Hidalgo, México. Correo electrónico:
maximiliano@elcolegiodehidalgo.edu.mx. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0291-9962
2
Abstract
Micro-region XVI is a territory located in the south of Hidalgo State. It presents large
economic imbalances but, at the same time, shows important competitive advantages
that, if well used, could trigger a development pole with multiple benefits for citizens and
enterprises.The objective of the research is to detect the productive activities with the
greatest economic potential in the micro-region XVI. To achieve this, a methodology with a
quantitative approach was developed. This allows building a balanced work in which
indicators, statistics, and relevant data are contemplated. The methodology uses panel
data for the years 2004 to 2019. It is concluded that micro-region XVI has a productive
vocation based on the chemical, food, beverage, and tobacco industries, as well as the
manufacture of accessories, electrical appliances, and electrical energy generation
equipment.
Keywords: vocations, economic growth, regional policies, economic potential index, Hidalgo
economy.
Resumen
La microrregión XVI es un territorio ubicado en el sur del estado de Hidalgo. Presenta en
conjunto grandes desequilibrios económicos, pero al mismo tiempo muestra importantes
ventajas competitivas que, bien aprovechadas, podrían detonar un polo de desarrollo con
múltiples beneficios sociales. El objetivo de la investigación es detectar las actividades
productivas con mayor potencial económico en la microrregión XVI; para ello se desarrolla
una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo. Esto permite construir un trabajo equilibrado
en el que se contemplan indicadores, estadísticas y datos relevantes. La metodología
utiliza datos de panel de los años 2004 al 2019. Se concluye que la microrregión XVI tiene
una vocación productiva basada en la industria química, de alimentos, bebidas y tabaco,
así como en la fabricación de accesorios, electrodomésticos y equipos de generación de
energía eléctrica.
Palabras claves: vocaciones; crecimiento económico; políticas regionales; índice
económico; Economía de Hidalgo.
Introduction
Leading scientists such as François Perroux and Gunnar Myrdal have argued that economic
growth and development are not a natural by-product of the free functioning of markets,
but rather are an unbalanced process that creates gaps even between adjacent regions[1].
Therefore, the planning and implementation of public policy strategies becomes a
necessity to positively influence the economic development of a region.
“In the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, the polarization between regions is deep, a developed
south with services and economic growth, in contrast, a northern zone with large economic
imbalances, lack of infrastructure and inadequate services” (Hernández, 2020, p. 4).
In this regard, Huiwen Gong, Robert Hassink, Juntao Tan, and Dacang Huang (2020) refer
to regional resilience and mention that:
“… Some regions are more resilient than other regions, because
the regional industries dominating the regional economy are less
affected by the shocks (see example above). Second, business
culture, confidence and expectations affect regional resilience
(Martin & Sunley, 2020), and thirdly, local and national
institutions, including norms and values (Huggins & Thompson,
2015) and experiences to deal with past shocks and crises
(institutional learning) (Bristow & Healy, 2014). Fourthly, the
nature and extent of supportive policies and measures, such as
specific policies to remedy the crisis, etc., at several spatial scales
affect regional resilience (Cowell, 2015; Evenhuis, 2016; Kakderi
& Tasopoulou, 2017)" (Gong, Hassink, Tan, & Huang, 2020).
Micro-region XVI is in the south of the state of Hidalgo, made up of the municipalities of
Tizayuca, Tolcayuca, Zapotlán de Juárez, and Villa de Tezontepec (INEGI, 2020),
municipalities with deep economic imbalances, but also with competitive advantages,
which, if well used, can detonate a pole of development with multiple economic benefits.
1Regions are rational categories that make it possible to study the way in which the various phenomena of nature or society
unfold and express themselves in a territory determined by aspects of reality that the researcher arranges and hierarchizes
according to the purpose pursued. (Hernández Cortés et al., 2014, p. 19)
Figure 1. State of Hidalgo and its microregion XVI
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2020), “Information by
entity. Hidalgo”. With the use of the ArcGIS program.
In the last twenty years, the population dynamics of Tizayuca have grown rapidly. In the
year 2000, there were 46,344 inhabitants; in 2010, there were 97,471 inhabitants; and 10
years later, the population was 168,302 people. This represented a growth of 360 percent
compared to the year 2000.
Tolcayuca has a phenomenon called a dormitory city, where people sleep in the city but
work in other nearby cities. In Zapotlán de Juárez, half of the population is 30 years old or
younger, with the highest range concentrated between 10 and 19 years old. Villa de
Tezontepec, in 2010, had a population of 11,654 inhabitants; by 2020, it grew to 13,032, a
growth of 12 percent in 10 years.
The micro-region presents an economic structure that, if taken advantage of, can become
an economic space in which a new pole of economic growth is located, increasing labor
demand, taking advantage of the multiple research centers that are consolidated, and
generating vertical and horizontal productive chains.
The objective of the research is to detect the productive activities with the greatest
economic potential in micro-region XVI; to achieve this, a methodology with a quantitative
approach was developed. This allows for building a balanced work in which indicators,
statistics, and relevant data are contemplated. The methodology uses panel data for the
years 2004 to 2019 with a positive method under an economic approach. Based on some
authors (Mohammadali & Abdulkhaliq, 2019), Ključnikov et al. (2020) argue that the
regional development of industrial regions is structurally disadvantaged; therefore, it is a
field that needs a new and innovative approach.
Proof of the economic potential of micro-region XVI is the road infrastructure and the
proximity to universities and research centers, which have not been used by the
neighboring municipalities. The problem of the lack of jobs and the low economic
development of the region arises because of a lack of public and industrial policy. “El
crecimiento económico es un proceso encauzado e incentivado desde la política
económica y demás instrumentos económicos diseñados y adoptados por el aparato de
Estado para incidir en la construcción de los mercados y en su expansión” (Pérez, 2016, p.
77). Piketty (2015) suggests that “las regiones requieren de políticas que redistribuyan la
riqueza. Pero para llegar hasta este punto primero se necesitan crear los mecanismos
necesarios para generar la riqueza, es decir, concebir un crecimiento económico
sostenible”.
Methods and results
To know and describe the economic situation at the state and regional levels, four indices
were used that have the advantage of being easily operable and highly descriptive:
Participation Index by Sector1.
Location Coefficient2.
Economic Specialization Index3.
Economic Potential Index (own design and elaboration) 4.
These four methodological tools were used to study the economic situation in the years
2004, 2009, 2014, and 2019 using information from the INEGI Economic Censuses.
Once a descriptive analysis of the state and regional economic activity was obtained at a
general level through the different indices, a quantitative methodology used to determine
the potentialities and opportunities of the territory. The quantitative methodology was
based on the design and execution of what was named the Economic Potential Index,
whose objective was to determine the productive vocation for each of the five elements of
the North American Industrial Classification System (SCIAN) that was applied to micro-
region XVI. With the use of this methodology, a rigorous analysis of those activities with
high potential that must be promoted was sought.
The following general questions led us to conduct this research:
How firms, industries, clusters, and regions evolve in space and
over time, how they respond to shocks and crises, and how they
transform themselves in the longer run belong to the most intriguing
and challenging questions in economic geography and adjacent
disciplines (Oinas et al., 2018, p. 227).
An industry cluster may be defined very generally as a group of
business enterprises and non-business organizations for whom
membership within the group is an important element of each
member firm’s individual competitiveness (Bergman & Feser,
2020).
Participation Index by Sector (IPS)
The IPS is designed to indicate the economic sector with the highest relative
preponderance for the entity. It can take values from 0 to 100, with 0 representing a sector
with marginal weight and 100 representing an economic sector that uses all inputs and
production factors, meaning that it is the essential sector for the economy that
encompasses all the resources of said economy. Formula 1 summarizes the methodology
used to calculate the IPS.
PBThj = Total Gross Production for activity j. Where h represents a territorial delimitation
as a state or region and j the selected productive activity.
PBTh = Total Gross Production. Where h represents a territorial delimitation as a state or
region.
The information collected through the variable Total Gross Product (PBT) at the state and
regional levels was processed through Equation 1.
Figure 2 shows the value of the Hidalgo state IPS for the years 2004, 2009, 2014, and
2019 for the three different economic sectors. In the same illustration, it can be seen that
the primary sector has an insignificant weight in the economic dynamics, while the trade
and services sector present a positive trend that goes from 17% for 2004 to 20% for 2019.
Figure 2. Participation Index by Sector of the state of Hidalgo
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
In addition, on the other hand, the secondary sector showed a negative trend during the
analysis period, declining from 83% in 2004 to 79% in 2019. However, the average
participation of this sector in the state, across the four activities that compose it, was 83%,
with the manufacturing industry contributing between 88% and 97%.
Figure 3 shows that the IPS for micro-region XVI follows a trend very similar to that at the
state level, where the largest amount of resources is used for industrial production,
followed by marginal participation from the tertiary sector, and finally, the absence of
primary activities in the economy.
Figure 3. Participation rate by sector for micro-region XVI
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
Another important element is the analysis of the positive trend presented by the tertiary
sector from 2004 to 2019. To delve deeper into this topic, Figure 3 depicts the PBT at the
regional level deflated with the Consumer Price Index with a base year of 2008. This
technique allowed us to observe the real trend of PBT and thus understand the reasons
motivating the behavior of the tertiary sector.
Figure 4 illustrates the actual trend line for each economic sector. The industrial sector
stands out initially for presenting a positive and markedly pronounced trend. Similarly, the
secondary sector increased its trend angle since 2009 and intensified it further during the
period from 2014 to 2019.
Figure 4. PBT at the regional level deflated with the Consumer Price
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
In summary, from 2004 to 2019, both the secondary sector and the tertiary sector
presented positive growth rates. In the last five years, the commerce and services sector
accelerated dramatically, increasing from a real PBT of 21.9 million pesos to 42.72 million
pesos, which translates into a growth rate of 94% in just four years. This dynamic on the
part of the tertiary sector has caused the industrial sector to lose part of its participation in
the economic structure of the region in relative terms, which explains the adjustment in the
trend by the secondary sector expressed in Figure 3.
Location coefficient
In the modern world economy, the ranking of cities is a function of the location of
international companies and the presence of their network linkages (Zuzańska-Żyśko,
2020, p. 2). The Location coefficient (CL) is a technique widely used to identify the
economic activity or sector in which a certain territory specializes. In the research, this
methodology was used to verify, through the Total Gross Production (PBT) variable, the
economic specialization of micro-region XVI.
Equation 2. Summarizes the methodology used to obtain this indicator.
Where:
PBThj= Total Gross Product of sector j. Where h represents a territorial delimitation as a
state or region and j the selected productive activity.
PBTh= Total Gross Product. Where h represents a territorial delimitation as a state or
region.
PBTnj= Total Gross Product of sector j. Where n represents a territorial delimitation
immediate superior to h and j the selected productive activity.
PBTn= The sum of Total Gross Production. Where n represents the immediate superior
territorial delimitation to a h.
To interpret the CL, there are two possible scenarios: 1) when CL < 1, it is argued that there
is no economic specialization in said sector, and 2) when CL ≥ 1, in this case, it is argued
that said sector has relative specialization.
The product obtained with the IPS can take values between 0 and 100, where 0 reflects null
participation by the economic sector "X," and 100 represents the absolute participation of
said sector in the economy.
The results of this procedure are shown in Figure 5; both the primary sector and the tertiary
sector are poorly specialized, despite the latter showing vertiginous growth from 2014 to
2019. On the other hand, the industrial sector, whose CL presents values above 1, although
with a negative trend over time.
Figure 5. Location coefficient for the state of Hidalgo
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
Localization coefficient for micro-region XVI
As shown in Figure 6, throughout the analysis period, micro-region XVI maintained
economic specialization in the secondary sector. Conversely, the tertiary sector gained
ground from 2004 to 2018, increasing from a CL of 0.67 to a CL of 0.79, which reaffirms
the rapid growth shown in Figure 4. Regarding the primary sector, there is marginal CL,
which is consistent with the observable economic dynamics at the state level.
Figure 6. Location coefficient for the micro-region XVI
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
Economic specialization Index
The economic specialization index follows the same logic as the CL, with the difference
that it uses the total number of employed populations as the main variable. Therefore, in
this section, this indicator will be used to identify those subsectors within the secondary
sector that exhibit economic specialization. The methodology used is summarized in
Equation 3.
Where:
POhj= Total employed population in economic activity j. Where h represents a territorial
delimitation as a state or region and y j the selected productive activity.
POh= Total employed population. Where h represents a territorial delimitation as a state or
region.
POnj= Population employed in economic activity j. Where n represents a territorial
delimitation immediate superior to h and j the selected productive activity.
POn= Total employed population. Where n represents the immediate superior territorial
delimitation to h.
The interpretation of the IEE results follows the same logic as the CL, where an IEE < 1
represents low specialization and an IEE ≥ 1 represents high economic specialization.
From Figure 7, it is important to highlight that, for the state of Hidalgo, both the mining and
manufacturing industries maintained their productive specialty from 2004 to 2019, while
Subsector 22 lost this specialty in 2014, decreasing from an index of 1.46 in 2009 to 0.74
in 2014 and then to 0.9 in 2019. On the other hand, the construction sector is emerging as
the activity with lower economic specialization within the sector, as it registered an IEE of
0.76 in 2004, increasing to 0.9 by 2019.
With the use of these indicators, the aim was to gain an overview of the regional productive
vocation. However, given that the objective of this research is to understand the economic
potential of the entire chain that integrates the North American Industrial Classification
System, and to identify different areas of opportunity that should be supported to
consolidate an economic region, it became imperative to resort to other types of
methodologies that would allow for a more precise investigation of these issues.
Figure 7. Index of Economic Specialization for the state of Hidalgo
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
Once the economic specialization of the secondary sector for micro-region XVI has been
confirmed, it is important to determine which subsectors drive such economic
specialization. To achieve this, information on the total employed population provided by
INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) was utilized and processed through
Equation 3. The results of this methodology are shown in Figure 8.
From Figure 8, it is concluded that, like the state level, the manufacturing industry
maintains a favorable and stable EEI over the analysis period, whereas Subsector 23
exhibits a fluctuating index. Subsectors 21 and 22, on the other hand, show an EEI of 0,
indicating that these last two subsectors lack economic specialization.
Figure 8. Economic specialization index for micro-region XVI
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
Economic potential index
With the aforementioned indicators, the aim was to gain an overview of the regional
productive vocation. However, given that the objective of this research is to understand the
economic potential of the entire chain that integrates the North American Industrial
Classification System, and to identify different areas of opportunity that should be
supported to consolidate an economic region, it became imperative to design other types
of methodologies that would allow us to delve more precisely into these issues.
To identify the activities with the greatest economic potential, the Economic Potential
Index (IPE) for micro-region XVI was designed and prepared using IBM SPSS software,
considering 17 of the 19 subsectors of the manufacturing industry in which micro-region
XVI actively participated in 2019. Subsequently, the IPE was transformed into the
Economic Potential Stoplight (SPE) with the aim of communicating the results and findings
quickly and accurately.
According to Guadarrama Zamora (2009), it is necessary to select and promote economic
sectors that benefit the infrastructure and economic structure of the entity, thus achieving
Hidalgo's development and triggering economic growth.
To achieve this objective, we started with a 17 x 6 matrix where the columns represented
each of the 17 subsectors and the rows represented their respective values, based on data
obtained from the Census Information Automation System (SAIC) of INEGI. This matrix
included the following 6 items:
Total Gross Production (PBT) in millions of pesos: Represents the value of all goods and
services produced or marketed by economic units because of their activities.
Employed Population (PO): Represents the number of people engaged in a specific
economic activity.
Gross Census Added Value (VACB) in millions of pesos: Represents the value of
production added during the work process through creative and transformation
activities of employed personnel on consumed materials.
Percentage of value added in the PBT (VACB / PBT): Represents the value that
economic units add to the PBT of each economic activity.
Productivity index. It is the quotient between PBT and PO. This can be interpreted as an
indicator that evaluates the performance of an economic activity, which is considered
productive if it is equal to or greater than 1.
Later, with the help of SPSS software, a dummy variable was created for each of the 6
items, resulting in a 17x12 matrix. These dummy variables were designed to assign a value
of 0 to those economic activities that fell below the mean of each item and a value of 1 to
those that exceeded the mean. Subsequently, the IPE variable was constructed, which
sums the 6 dichotomous variables, resulting in a 17 x 13 matrix, with row 13 representing
the IPE.
Consequently, the IPE can take values from 0 to 6, where 0 indicates very low economic
potential and 6 indicates high economic potential. Finally, to visually present this index,
the IPE was transformed into the Economic Potential Traffic Light (SPE, by its Spanish
acronym) to visually represent the economic potential of each selected productive activity
based on 4 colors: green, yellow, orange, and red, as follows:
Subsectors with an IPE = 0 were categorized as having very low economic potential
and are represented in red.
Subsectors with 1 ≤ IPE ≤ 2 were categorized as having low economic potential and are
represented in orange.
Subsectors with 3 ≤ IPE ≤ 4 were categorized as having medium economic potential
and are represented in yellow.
Subsectors with 5 ≤ IPE ≤ 6 were categorized as having high economic potential and
are represented in green.
The results obtained with the IPE for the 17 economic subsectors of the industry are
shown in Table I. It can be observed that out of the 17 subsectors analyzed, five have
very low economic potential, another five have low potential, three have medium
potential, and four have high economic potential.
From this table, it is important to highlight the four subsectors with high potential:
Chemical industry; Manufacture of accessories, electrical appliances, and electrical power
generation equipment; Beverage and tobacco industry; Food industry.
Source: Own elaboration based on the methodology used.
The data and results of these subsectors are shown in Table 1, which presents the 6 items
that were evaluated to obtain the IPE. Within this table, the four subsectors have an IPE
greater than or equal to five, indicating high economic potential, reflected in the last
column with a green SPE.
This means that, by discriminating among the 19 subsectors comprising the manufacturing
industry of Tizayuca based on their size, productivity, added value they contribute to their
products, and average monthly remuneration per worker, there are four leading subsectors
of the economy: chemical industry; manufacture of accessories, electrical appliances, and
electrical power generation equipment; beverage and tobacco industry; and food industry.
Table 2. Traffic light of Economic Potential
Source: Own elaboration based on the methodology used.
Discussion
The economic structure of micro-region XVI is not overly complex, as it essentially mirrors
the municipality of Tizayuca. Evidence of this is that the PBT of Tizayuca represented 93%,
95%, and 95% of the PBT of micro-region XVI for the years 2009, 2014, and 2019.
To illustrate this situation, Figure 9 presents the PBT deflated with the Consumer Price
Index, base year 2018.
From the above figure, two characteristics can be deduced:
i. The PBT of the region is composed of the contribution of Tizayuca's PBT plus a marginal
contribution from the rest of the municipalities that make up the region.
ii. The trend of the real PBT during the period 2004 to 2019 followed a positive trajectory
with a slight contraction in 2014; nevertheless, the deflated PBT increased from 105 units
to 273 units. Additionally, the region experienced a growth rate of 60% during this period,
translating to an average annual growth of 4.3%.
Figure 9. Gross Total Product. Regional and Municipal Trend
Source: own elaboration based on INEGI (2004, 2009, 2014, 2019).
Another crucial aspect that has contributed to Tizayuca positioning itself as the
municipality with the highest PBT in the region is its proximity and functional relationship
with the central municipalities of Mexico City, which has even positioned Tizayuca as an
outlier municipality of the metropolitan area of Mexico City (Secretaría de Desarrollo
Social, 2012).
There is growing evidence of the effects of the movement of industry-specific human
capital on the development of regions (Jara-Figueroa et al., 2018, p. 12653). History
shows that the migration of skilled workers encourages regional development of new
industries. However, the aforementioned functional relationship with the city and the most
important business center in the country imposes challenges; one of them is to retain the
human capital that is produced, since according to data from the 2019 Economic Census,
in CDMX the average annual salary per worker is 109,380 pesos, while in micro-region XVI
it is 67,023 pesos.
Tizayuca within micro-region XVI is the municipality with the largest demographic size,
political weight, and economic dimension. This is due to the fact that until 2019, this
municipality was home to the largest number of companies and sources of employment in
the region. Evidence of this situation is that by 2019, the municipality contributed 72% of
the total population of the micro-region and 95% of its PBT (INEGI, 2020).
The three economic indicators applied in the previous sections suggest that micro-region
XVI has a productive vocation aimed at the manufacturing subsector. To delve into this
subsector, Figure 10 shows the 19 economic branches and their respective number of
companies comprising it for the year 2019.
Figure 10. Number of economic units
Source: Own elaboration based on the methodology used.
In Figure 10, the subsector of the food industry and the manufacture of metal products
stand out, activities that have the largest number of economic units, while the manufacture
of transport equipment and manufacture of textile inputs and finishes are those with the
lowest number of companies.
Tizayuca and, with it, micro-region XVI of the State of Hidalgo, have four branches within
the manufacturing industry with high economic potential that must be stimulated to
consolidate the micro-region as a development pole for attracting investment, generating
wealth, and jobs Ramírez Velázquez (2011) argues that:
“…el uso de la categoría de desarrollo territorial permite hacer
una propuesta que vaya más allá de considerar al espacio como
mero soporte contenedor de cosas, personas o actividades y lo
integre a un proceso de cambio en conjunción con los agentes
que lo usan, se lo apropian o lo transforman.” (p. 568).
However, to lay the foundations for an economic development policy, it is necessary to be
precise about the productive activities to be promoted. This is because within these four
branches there are many unproductive activities. Therefore, in this research, it is proposed
to underpin the following 4 branches through 7 economic activities:
Chemical industry: manufacture of other basic organic and inorganic chemicals.
Food industry: preparation of snacks; preparation of fresh food for immediate
consumption; and manufacture of biscuits and pasta for soup.
Manufacture of accessories, electrical appliances, and electrical generation equipment:
manufacture of accessories, electrical appliances, and electrical generation
equipment.
Beverage and tobacco industry: production of soft drinks, ice and other non-alcoholic
beverages; purification and bottling of water; and production of soft drinks and other
non-alcoholic beverages.
Conclusions
Micro-region XVI is at a crucial moment in what will be its economic future. This happens
because the tertiary sector is in a process of vertiginous growth that could be even more
favored with the completion of the Santa Lucía airport located just 11 kilometers from the
center of Tizayuca with an estimated transfer time of 20 minutes.
On the other hand, the secondary sector faces a scenario of opportunities caused by the
recent construction of the PLATAH project (Logistic Platform of Hidalgo State), which to
date has a total investment of 167 million dollars and opens a range of opportunities for
the four municipalities that make up the region (PLATAH, 2019). Barre (1964, p. 147) says:
"es deseable, pues, que la inversión se concentre en puntos estratégicos, de donde el
crecimiento se difundirá progresivamente al conjunto de la economía y que favorezca la
aparición de actividades complementarias, que se reforzarán mutuamente."
Faced with this scenario, the actors within the micro-region XVI, whether public or private,
have two options: 1) remain defenseless and act as mere observers of the transformation
process of the territory, or 2) continue undertaking joint projects that allow them to make
the most of the advantages and the productive vocation that the territory has through
external economies of scale. Baumgartinger-Seiringer, Simon; Johan, Miörner; and
Michaela, Tripply (2021) argue based on various authors:
"Regional industrial path development and transformation will only
unfold if local (and non-local) actors harness and valorize the regional
asset base (MacKinnon et al., 2019). In contrast to firm-centred views
prevailing in conventional EEG models, systemic perspectives of path
development (Tödtling and Trippl, 2013) suggest adopting a multi-
actor approach. In line with this view, our framework appreciates the
role played by non-firm actors such as universities or research
institutes (Vallance, 2016), policy actors, support organisations,
intermediaries (Dawley, 2014), and so on."
With the argument that it is more fruitful to plan and undertake projects than to be just an
observer, this chapter will focus its attention on finding the productive vocation of the
micro-region XVI. Any policy or study that seeks to generate economic development
through the implementation of a single strategy, such as political, economic, or social, will
surely fall into a theoretical bias that, when faced with reality, will stumble. In other words,
these types of strategies implemented in isolation have positive effects on a single
variable. The opposite is the economic development that benefits many areas, such as the
development of infrastructure, the creation of jobs, the emergence of universities, greater
governance, and a decrease in the levels of insecurity, among many others.
One of the main strategies to be generated must focus on the economic sphere, since, as
Amartya Sen mentions, "all empirical studies about successful development experiences
have demonstrated the crucial role of capital accumulation" (Sen, 1999, pp. 80-81). This
means that, for a territory to achieve development, the generation of wealth is indisputably
required.
References
Bergman, E., & Feser, E. (2020). Industrial and Regional Clusters: Concepts and
Comparative Applications (2nd ed.). Vienna University of Economics.
Barre, R. (1964). El desarrollo económico: análisis y política. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Baumgartinger-Seiringer, S., Miörner, J., & Trippl, M. (2020). Towards a stage model of
regional industrial path transformation. Industry and Innovation, 28(2), 160–181.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2020.1789452
Enríquez, I. (2016). Las teorías del crecimiento económico: notas críticas para incursionar
en un debate inconcluso. Revista Latinoamericana De Desarrollo Económico, 25, 73–126.
https://doi.org/10.35319/lajed.20162564
Gong, H., Hassink, R., Tan, J., & Huang, D. (2020). Regional resilience in times of a
pandemic crisis: The case of COVID-19 in China. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale
Geografie, 111, 497-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12447
Gracia, M. (2020). Economic polarization of the Hidalgo territory: An approach from the
concept of space. Journal of Administrative Science, 2(3), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.29057/jas.v2i3.5747
Guadarrama, R. (2009). Identificación de oportunidades estratégicas para el desarrollo del
estado de Hidalgo. FEMSA.
Hernández, C., Castillo, M., & Ornelas, J. (2014). Teorías y técnicas para el análisis
regional. Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala.
INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía). (2020). Información por entidad.
Hidalgo. INEGI. https://4kiw.short.gy/JVAqUG
INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía). (2019). Censo Económico 2019.
INEGI. https://4kiw.short.gy/WXf2oE
INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía). (2014). Censo Económico 2014.
INEGI. https://4kiw.short.gy/Wbr3HY
INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía). (2009). Censo Económico 2009.
INEGI. https://4kiw.short.gy/S45ig3
INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía). (2004). Censo Económico 2004.
INEGI. https://4kiw.short.gy/P41rR7
Jara, C., Jun, B., Glaeser, E., & Hidalgo, C. (2018). The role of industry-specific, occupation-
specific, and location-specific knowledge in the growth and survival of new firms.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(50),
12646–12653. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800475115
Ključnikov, A., Civelek, M., Krajčík, V., & Ondrejmišková, I. (2020). Innovative regional
development of the structurally disadvantaged industrial region by the means of the local
currency. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 25. https://doi.org/10.46544/ams.v25i2.9
Mohammadali, Z., & Abdulkhaliq, S. (2019). Prospects and Challenges of entrepreneurship
development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: An Overview. International Journal of
Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.37335/ijek.v7i2.89
Oinas, P., Trippl, M., & Höyssä, M. (2018). Regional industrial transformations in the
interconnected global economy. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society,
11(2), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsy015
Piketty, T. (2015). La economía de las desigualdades. Siglo XXI.
PLATAH Project. (2019). El nuevo destino industrial del centro de México. PLATAH.
Recuperado el 27 de junio de 2021, de https://www.frontierindustrial.mx/parque-
industrial-platah-hidalgo
Ramírez, B. (2011). Espacio y política en el desarrollo territorial. Economía, Sociedad Y
Territorio, 11(37). https://doi.org/10.22136/est00201196
Secretaría de Desarrollo Social. (2012). Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de
México 2010. https://4kiw.short.gy/ecsWre
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Zuzańska-Żyśko, E. (2021). Role of advanced producer services shaping globalization
processes in a post-industrial region: the case of the Górnośląsko-zagłębiowska
metropolis. Sustainability, 13(211). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010211
