Impact of the Tekoporã program on the departmental monetary poverty of paraguayan families in the period 2018-2019
Keywords:
Monetary Poverty, Tekoporã Program, Departments, ParaguayAbstract
This paper aims to assess the impact of the Tekoporã Program on the departmental monetary poverty of Paraguayan families in the 2018-2019 period. To this end two quasi-experimental evaluation methods were estimated: Propensity Score Matching and Differences in Differences. The main result was the importance of receiving benefits from the Program as a way of reducing extreme poverty. However, it is necessary to establish new conditionalities regarding adult work, as well as the productive promotion of families, as a way of increasing the effectiveness of Tekoporã.
References
Adato, M. y Roopnaraine, T. (2010). 12 Women's Status, Gender Relations, and Conditional Cash Transfers. Conditional cash transfers in Latin America, 284. https://www.ifpri.org/publication/conditional-cash-transfers-latin-america
Adato, M., Roopnaraine, T. y Becker, E. (2011). Understanding use of health services in conditional cash transfer programs: Insights from qualitative research in Latin America and Turkey. Social Science & Medicine, 72(12), 1921-1929. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2010.09.032
Aguado Quintero, L. F., Girón Cruz, L. E. y Salazar Silva, F. (2007). Una aproximación empírica a la relación entre educación y pobreza. Problemas del desarrollo, 38(149), 35-60. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0301-70362007000200003
Aparicio, C., Jaramillo, M. y San Román, C. (2011). Desarrollo de la infraestructura y reducción de la pobreza: el caso peruano. CIES, Universidad del Pacífico. http://cies.org.pe/sites/default/files/investigaciones/desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-y-reduccion-de-la-pobreza_0.pdf
Araújo, G. S., Ribeiro, R. y Neder, H. D. (2010). Impactos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes residentes na área urbana em 2006. Revista EconomiA, 11(4), 57-102. https://ideas.repec.org/a/anp/econom/v11y2010i457_102.html
Galeano, L. A., Aveiro, N., Brítez, A., Genes, V., Mello, A. y Villalba, K. (2019). Tendencias recientes de la migración interna. Asunción: FLACSO. https://www.flacso.edu.py/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/1.Publicaciones-FLACSO-Galeano-final.pdf
Avila, P. (2012). On the Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: An Analysis of CCT Programs and Poverty [Columbia University]. https://doi.org/10.7916/D80Z79FW
Baird, S., McKenzie, D. y Özler, B. (2018). The effects of cash transfers on adult labor market outcomes. IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 8(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40176-018-0131-9/TABLES/2
Banco Mundial. (2016). Calificaciones a Tekoporã y servicios de Salud y Educación por las Familias participantes. http://201.217.42.126:8080/handle/123456789/228
Barrios, F., Galeano, L. y Sánchez, S. (2008). El impacto del programa Tekoporâ de Paraguay en la nutrición, el consumo y la economía local. Paraguay: Oficina Regional de FAO/FLACSO. http://biblioteca.mds.gov.py:8080/handle/123456789/251
Beccaria, L. y Groisman, F. (2008). Informalidad y pobreza en Argentina. Investigación económica, 67(266), 135-169. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0185-16672008000400005&script=sci_arttext
Becker, S. O. y Ichino, A. (2002). Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Based on Propensity Scores. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, 2(4), 358-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0200200403
Brauw, A. y Peterman, A. (2020). Can conditional cash transfers improve maternal health care? Evidence from El Salvador’s Comunidades Solidarias Rurales program. Health Economics (United Kingdom), 29(6), 700-715. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEC.4012
Cabrera, L. C. y Caldarelli, C. E. (2022). O que conhecemos sobre a pobreza rural? Um panorama bibliométrico sobre a literatura. RDE – Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico, 2(52), 247-296. https://doi.org/10.36810/rde.v2i52.7394
Carosini, A. L. (2006). Impacto de las migraciones en el mercado laboral paraguayo. Población y Desarrollo, 31, 59-66. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5654290.pdf
Cecchini, S., Villatoro, P. y Mancero, X. (2021). El impacto de las transferencias monetarias no contributivas sobre la pobreza en América Latina. Cepal Review, 134. https://doi.org/10.18356/16820908-2021-134-1
Cepal. (2022). Panorama Social de América Latina y el Caribe 2022: la transformación de la educación como base para el desarrollo sostenible. En M?dias sociais no Brasil emergente.
CEPAL. https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/48518
Cepaluni, G., Kinsley Chewning, T., Driscoll, A. y Faganello, M. A. (2022). Conditional cash transfers and child labor. World Development, 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105768
Cuenca, A. D., Teixeira, E. y Fontes, M. (2021). Efeito do Programa Tekoporã sobre a incidência de trabalho infanto-juvenil no Paraguai em 2019. Estado y Políticas Públicas, 9(16), 195-220. http://repositorio.flacsoandes.edu.ec/handle/10469/17188
Cuenca López, A. D. (2024). Dois ensaios relativos ao impacto do programa Tekoporã sobre o nível de pobreza das famílias paraguaias no período 2018-2019 [Tesis de doctorado, Universidade Federal de Viçosa]. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47328/ufvbbt.2024.146
Cuenca-López, A. D. (2020). Impacto da infraestrutura econômica sobre a probabilidade de pobreza no Paraguai [Tesis de doctorado, Universidade Federal de Viçosa]. https://locus.ufv.br//handle/123456789/27861
Díaz, M. E. (2017). El programa de transferencia monetaria de Honduras “bono 10 mil”: su caracterización e impacto socio-económico. Economía y Administración (E&A), 8(2), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.5377/EYA.V8I2.5617
Fiszbein, A. y Schady, N. R. (2009). Transferencias monetarias condicionadas: reducción de la pobreza actual y futura. En Transferencias monetarias condicionadas: reducción de la pobreza actual y future. Washington: Banco Mundial. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-9-5883-0773-2
Fogel, R. B. (2002). Pobreza y rol del Estado en el Paraguay. CERI. https://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Paraguay/ceri/20121129113326/fogel4.pdf
Ford, K. J., Lourenço, B. H., Cobayashi, F. y Cardoso, M. A. (2020). Health outcomes of the Bolsa Família program among Brazilian Amazonian children. Revista de Saúde Pública, 54, 2. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001519
Gammage, S. (2011). Conditional cash transfers and time poverty: An example from Guatemala. Cuadragésima sexta reunión de la Mesa Directiva de la Conferencia Regional sobre la Mujer de América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/gammage_conditiona_cash_transfers_and_time-poverty_03102011.pdf
González -Delgado, J. D. (2015). Contribution of the Social Program Tekoporã in the formation of Human Capital of children and adolescents that are its beneficiaries in Paraguay. 2005-2014. Población y Desarrollo, 21(41), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.18004/pdfce/2076-054x/2015.021(41)029-034
Grance, E. M. y Villamayor, L. E. (2021). Análisis del nivel de acatamiento de las corresponsabilidades exigidas por el Programa de Protección Social Tekoporã, Distrito de Repatriación año 2018. Revista Estudios Paraguayos, 39-1. https://doi.org/10.47133/respy3390104
Guttandin, F., Riquelme, L. y Cáceres, M. R. (2007). Pobreza campesina desde la perspectiva de las madres beneficiarias del Programa Tekoporã. https://paraguay.unfpa.org/es/publicaciones/pobreza-campesina-desde-la-perspectiva-de-las-madres-beneficiarias-del-programa
Hirata, G. I. (2008). The Heterogeneous Impact of CCT programs on Child Labor: the case of Tekoporã in Paraguay. Brazil: International Poverty Centre/UNDP.
Hiromoto, M. H. (2018). Análise do efeito do gasto social dos governos federal, estadual e municipal sobre a pobreza no Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 48(1), 71-102. http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/8348
Ibarrarán, P., Medellín, N., Regalia, F. y Marco Stampini. (2017). How conditional cash transfers work: Good Practices after 20 Years of Implementation. En How conditional cash transfers work. Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0000746
Imas, V. (2011). Transferencias Monetarias con Corresponsabilidad (TMC) y la disminución de la pobreza en el marco de las políticas de protección social. Nuevos aportes para las políticas públicas en Paraguay; nota 9. https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/47110/133485.pdf?sequence=1
Kakwani, N., Soares, F. V. y Son, H. H. (2005). Conditional cash transfers in African countries. Brasilia: International Poverty Centre, United Nations Development Programme. https://socialprotection.org/es/discover/publications/conditional-cash-transfers-african-countries
Kamakura, W. A. y Mazzon, J. A. (2015). Measuring the Impact of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program on Consumption Behavior with Propensity Scoring. Customer Needs and Solutions, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40547-015-0037-0
Khandker, S., Koolwal, G. y Samad, H. (2009). Handbook on Impact Evaluation: Quantitative Methods and Practices. En The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Ed.), Handbook on Impact Evaluation. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8028-4
Legal-Cañisa, S. (2022). Producto interno bruto, desigualdad del ingreso, pobreza monetaria y programa sociales en Paraguay. Revista Científica OMNES, 2, 66-72. https://www.columbia.edu.py/investigacion/ojs/index.php/OMNESUCPY/article/view/19
Lelis, L. V. C. (2016). Transferência condicional de renda e políticas de desenvolvimento rural no Brasil: Explorando potenciais sinergias entre Bolsa Família e o Projeto Pró-Gavião [Universidade Federal de Viçosa]. https://www.locus.ufv.br/bitstream/123456789/7923/1/texto%20completo.pdf
Lelis, L. V. C. y Helfand, S. M. (2018). Projetos de desenvolvimento rural e transparência condicionada de renda: Impactos isolados e da sinergia entre Bolsa Família e Projeto Pró-Gavião. Anais do XLIV Encontro Nacional de Economia. https://www.anpec.org.br/encontro/2016/submissao/files_I/i12-1012be886063e7e00bac277188cd88af.pdf
León, M., Vos, R. y Brborich, W. (2001). ¿Son efectivos los Programas de Transferencias Monetarias para combatir la pobreza? Evaluación del impacto del Bono Solidario en el Ecuador. Secretaría Técnica del Frente Social.
Lin, H. (2014). Government–Business Partnership Formation for Environmental Improvements. Organization and Environment, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026614554716
Lomelí, E. V. (2008). Conditional Cash Transfers as Social Policy in Latin America: An Assessment of their Contributions and Limitations. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 475-499. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.SOC.34.040507.134537
Manual Operativo del Programa Tekoporâ, 563 (2016). http://biblioteca.mds.gov.py:8080/handle/123456789/169
Marinho, E., Campelo, G., França, J. y Araujo, J. (2017). Impact of infrastructure expenses in strategic sectors for Brazilian poverty. EconomiA, 18(2), 244-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2017.01.002
Cresta, J., Lanzilotta, B., Vázquez, F., Ruiz Díaz, F. y Ons, A. (2011). Paraguay en el Mercosur: asimetrías internas y política comercial externa. CADEP, Asunción, PY. https://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Paraguay/cadep/20160713034356/4.pdf
Mata, C. y Hernández, K. (2015). Evaluación de impacto de la implementación de transferencias monetarias condicionadas para educación secundaria en Costa Rica (Avancemos). Revista de Ciencias Económicas, 33(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.15517/rce.v33i1.19964
Molina, T., Macours, K., Maluccio, J. A. y Tejerina, L. (2020). Experimental long-term effects of early-childhood and school-age exposure to a conditional cash transfer program. Journal of Development Economics, 143, 102385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.102385
Molinier, L. y Serafini, V. (2018). Las desigualdades departamentales, el gasto y el financiamiento del desarrollo territorial. Novapolis, 13, 111-139. https://pyglobal.com/ojs/index.php/novapolis/article/view/93
Moraes, V. D. de y Machado, C. V. (2017). O Programa Bolsa Família e as condicionalidades de saúde: desafios da coordenação intergovernamental e intersetorial. Saúde em Debate, 41(spe3). https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042017s310
Morais, M. (2017). Poverty reduction, education, and the global diffusion of conditional cash transfers. En Poverty Reduction, Education, and the Global Diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfers. Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53094-9
Morales, D. y Gori, A. (2018). The Impacts of Cash Transfers on Subjective Wellbeing and Poverty: The Case of Colombia. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39(4), 616-633. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10834-018-9585-4/FULLTEXT.HTML
Moretto, C. F. y Schons, M. A. (2007). Pobreza e meio ambiente: evidências da relação entre Indicadores sociais e indicadores ambientais nos estados brasileiros. Encontro da sociedade brasileira de economia ecológica, fortaleza, 7.
Morris, S. S. (2010). Conditional cash transfer programs and health. Conditional cash transfers in Latin America, 212-30. https://www.ifpri.org/publication/conditional-cash-transfers-latin-america
Nawaz, S. y Iqbal, N. (2021). How cash transfers program affects environmental poverty among ultra-poor? Insights from the BISP in Pakistan. Energy Policy, 148, 111978. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2020.111978
Núñez-Guerrero, J. C. (2015). Impacto de programas de transferencias monetarias condicionadas [Tesis de maestría, Universidad ORT Uruguay]. https://rad.ort.edu.uy/items/8d9898fc-38a6-4614-84dc-12e60f2000bf
Núñez-Guerrero, J. C. (2019). Oferta Laboral y Transferencias Condicionadas: Evidencias del Programa Tekoporã. Población y Desarrollo, 25(49), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.18004/PDFCE/2076-054X/2019.025.49.010-023
OCDE. (2018). Estudios de la OCDE sobre Gobernanza Pública: Paraguay. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304017-es
Ortiz, L., Goetz, K., Rojas, S. y Cooperación Alemana al Desarrollo, G. I. Z. (2022). Política Social en Perspectiva Territorial. https://www.bivica.org/file/view/id/6142
Osorio, C. G. (2018). A Comparative Analysis of the Adoption of Conditional Cash Transfers Programs in Latin America. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 21(4), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2018.1491671
PNUD. (2022). Índices de Desarrollo Humano en el Paraguay 2001 - 2020. https://www.undp.org/es/paraguay/noticias/IDH-2001-2020
Raihan, S. (2011). Infrastructure and Growth and Poverty in Bangladesh. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 37882. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37882/3/MPRA_paper_37882.pdf
Ramírez, J. y González, C. (2009). Crisis y pobreza rural en América Latina: el caso de Paraguay. Documento de trabajo/Programa Dinámicas Territoriales Rurales. RIMISP-Centro Latinoamericano para el Desarrollo Rural; nº. 48. https://rimisp.org/wp-content/files_mf/13720761341366482664N48_2009_RamirezGonzalez_crisispobrezaruralcasoParaguay.pdf
Resende, A. C. C. y Oliveira, A. M. H. C. De. (2008). Avaliando resultados de um programa de transferência de renda: O impacto do bolsa-escola sobre os gastos das famílias Brasileiras. Estudos Economicos, 38(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612008000200002
Ribeiro, D. R. de S. (2012). Três ensaios sobre o programa bolsa família: impacto nas eleições, bem-estar e pobreza [Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora]. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1880
Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Greenberg, D., Miller, C., Rucks, Z. y Verma, N. (2010). Toward Reduced Poverty Across Generations: Early Findings from New York City’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program. New York: MDRC; 2010. Conditional Cash Transfers in New York City: The Continuing Story of the Opportunity NYC–Family Rewards Demonstrations.
Riquelme, Q. y Fernández, G. (2021). El impacto socioeconómico y cultural de la migración rural en dos asentamientos urbanos de los municipios de Limpio y Villa Hayes, período 2008-2017. Kera Yvoty: reflexiones sobre la cuestión social, 6(especial). https://doi.org/10.54549/ky.6e.2021.77
Rocha, S. (2011). O programa Bolsa Família: evolução e efeitos sobre a pobreza. Economia e Sociedade, 20(1), 113-139. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-06182011000100005
Rosenbaum, P. R. y Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Saavedra, J. E. (2016, May). The effects of conditional cash transfer programs on poverty reduction, human capital accumulation and wellbeing. In United Nations Expert Group Meeting: “Strategies for eradicating poverty to achieve sustainable development for all” convened in New York on June (pp. 1-3). https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2016/Poverty-SDGs/JuanSaavedra-paper.pdf
Robles, M. y Santander, H. (2012). “Paraguay: Pobreza y Desigualdad de Ingresos a Nivel Distrital. https://www.ine.gov.py/publication-single.php?codec=195
Sarshar, M. (2010). Amartya Sen's theory of poverty. Delhi: National Law University.
Secretaría de Acción Social. (2007). Impacto de los programas TEC en el trabajo infantil. https://socialprotection.org/discover/publications/impacto-de-los-programas-tec-en-el-trabajo-infantil
Segura-Pérez, S., Grajeda, R. y Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2016). Conditional cash transfer programs and the health and nutrition of Latin American children. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 40, 124-137.
Sili, M., Rodríguez, J. C., Ávila, C., Martínez, P. y Bozzano, L. (2017). Modelos de Gestión y Desarrollo Territorial de nivel local y departamental en Paraguay. https://repositorio.conacyt.gov.py/handle/20.500.14066/3810
Soares, F. V., Perez, R. y Hirata, G. (2010). Impact evaluation of a rural conditional cash transfer programme on outcomes beyond health and education. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/19439341003624433
Soares, F. V., Ribas, R. P. y Hirata, G. I. (2008). Los Logros y las Carencias de las Transferencias de Efectivo Condicionadass: Evaluación del Impacto del Programa Tekoporã del Paraguay (Nº. 3). International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
Stampini, M. y Tornarolli, L. (2012). The Growth of Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean: Did They Go Too Far? https://publications.iadb.org/en/growth-conditional-cash-transfers-latin-america-and-caribbean-did-they-go-too-far
Stecklov, G., Winters, P., Todd, J. y Regalia, F. (2007). Unintended effects of poverty programmes on childbearing in less developed countries: Experimental evidence from Latin America. Population Studies, 61(2), 125-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720701300396
Torrents, A. (2010). Feminización de la pobreza-Tekoporã. http://www.cadep.org.py/2015/01/feminizacion-de-la-pobreza-rural/
Vacaflores, D. E. y LeSage, J. P. (2020). Spillover effects in adoption of cash transfer programs by Latin American countries. Journal of Geographical Systems, 22(2), 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-020-00322-6
World Bank. (2019). Informe Anual 2018 del Banco Mundial. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30326?locale-attribute=es
World Bank. (2022). World Development Report 2022: Finance for an Equitable Recovery. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1730-4
Published
Issue
Section
License
I, ____________________________________________, author of the work and/ or article, adult, residing in the city of _________________, bearing the Identity Card/Passport n.° ______________________, issued in _______________________, in command of his/her/their physical and mental faculties, party hereinafter referred to as AUTHOR, signs the following authorization so the reproduction, publication, communication and distribution of the work can be done, under the following terms:
1. That, regardless of existing legal regulations due to the relationship of the parties to this contract, and any other existing legal presumption, the parties agree that the AUTHOR authorizes the Universidad del Norte, with the purpose of reproduce, publish, communicate and distribute the material called in the Revista de Economía del Caribe.
2. That such authorization apply to the copyright of the work, by any means, known or to be known, the public communication of the work, and the distribution of the work, directly or by third parties, purely educational purposes.
3. The AUTHOR undertakes to inform and declare the existence of this authorization and to preserve the right of the journal Revista de Economía del Caribe to the first publication of the work.
4. The AUTHOR states that the article is original and his/her/their exclusive creation, there being no impediment of any kind for the authorization he/she/they is/are giving, responding thereto by any action: claim, plagiarism or any other type of complaint that might arise about.
5. That such authorization is granted for free.
6. The moral rights of the author on the article correspond exclusively to the AUTHOR, in virtue of which, the Universidad del Norte agrees to expressly and rigorously recognize and respect them.
