The powerless extremes: Balancing altruism and individualism in environmental policy formulation

Authors

  • Claudio de Majo Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Alemania
  • Antonio Cáñez Cota CONAHCYT-El Colegio de Sonora, México

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14482/indes.32.02.658.455

Keywords:

environmental history, survival economy, capitalism, commons, socio-ecological relations

Abstract

The objective is to propose a practical conceptual scheme to interpret social organizations' economic and ecological implications based on an individualistic or altruistic paradigm. After a literature review and a brief historical analysis of these paradigms, we conclude that complex and balanced organizations have the most remarkable propensity to develop altruistic cooperation exchanges. The implication for contemporary environmental policies is the possibility of complementing market mechanisms with community-based schemes in a favorable context.

Author Biographies

Claudio de Majo , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Alemania

Doctor en Historia Ambiental por el Rachel Carson Center, Alemania. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. claudiodemajo@mailfence.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4747-9947

Antonio Cáñez Cota, CONAHCYT-El Colegio de Sonora, México

Doctor en Política Pública por la Escuela de Gobierno del Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, México. Investigador por México CONAHCYT-El Colegio de Sonora

acanez@colson.edu.mx. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2473-5648

References

Andre, G. (1969). Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. Monthly Review Press.

Arrow, K. (1951). Social choice and individual values. Yale University Press.

Astor-Aguilera, M. (2022). The Maya and Conscious Capitalism: Indigenous American Integration, Neutralism, and Resistance. En M. Dion y M. Pava (Eds.), The Spirit of Conscious Capitalism. Ethical Economy, vol 63. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10204-2_21

Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books.

Batson, D. y Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy?induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II: What if the target of empathy has defected? European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 25-36.

Bauman, Z. (2001). La sociedad individualizada. Ediciones Cátedra.

Becker, G. (1976). Altruism, egoism, and genetic fitness: Economics and sociobiology. Journal of Economic Literature 14(3), 817-826.

Biddle, C. (2012). Individualism vs. Collectivism: Our Future, Our Choice. The Objective Standard: A Journal of Culture & Politics, 7 (1), 1-19.

Bollier, D. (2014). Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. New Society Publishers.

Botkin, D. (2012). The Moon in the Nautilus Shell: Discordant Harmonies Reconsidered. Oxford University Press.

Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Polity Press.

Braudel, F. (1992). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: Volume III, The Perspective of the World, trans. Sian Reynolds. University of California Press.

Braudel, F. (1977). Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. John Hopkins University Press.

Bravo, G. y De Moor, T. (2008). The commons in Europe: from past to future. International Journal of the Commons, 2(2): 155-161.

Brundtland Commission. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment

and Development. United Nations. el 10 de noviembre de 2022, de http://www.un documents.net/our-common-future.pdf

Camacho, I. (1996). Economía alternativa en el sistema capitalista. Revista de Fomento Social, 51(203), 319-340.

Cienfuegos, Y., Saldívar, A., Díaz, R. y Avalos, A. (2016). Individualismo y colectivismo: caracterización y diferencias entre dos localidades mexicanas. Acta de investigación psicológica, 6(3), 2534-2543.

Cook, M. (2005). A Brief History of the Human Race. Granta Books.

Dawkins, R. (2006). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.

De Felipe, I. (2008). Entre el" hábito" y el" instinto": cuestiones ontológicas y gnoseológicas concernientes a las ideas de" conducta" y de" evolución". El Basílico, 39, 3-36.

De Moor, T. (2017). The Dilemma of the Commoners. Understanding the Use of Common-Pool Resources in Long-Term Perspective. Cambridge University Press.

Diamond, J.(1999). Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company.

Diamond, J. (2006). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Penguin.

Elías, N. (2016). El proceso de la civilización: Investigaciones sociogenéticas y psicogenéticas. Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Elster, J. (2006). Altruistic behavior and altruistic motivations. Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity, 1, 183-206.

Escobar, A. (2005). El “postdesarrollo” como concepto y pra?ctica social. En D. Mato (Coord.), Poli?ticas de economi?a, ambiente y sociedad en tiempos de globalizacio?n (pp.17-31). Caracas:Facultad de Ciencias Econo?micas y Sociales.

Esteva, G. (2010). “Development”. En W. Sachs, The Development Dictionary. A guide to knowledge as power (pp. 6-25). Zed Books.

Fehr, E. y Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425 (6960), 785-791.

Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. Pantheon Books.

Harari, Y. (2015). Sapiens. A Brief History of the Humankind. Vintage Books.

Haraway, D. (1991). Simians, Cyborgs and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. Free Association Books.

Hobbes, Th. (1940). Leviatan: O la Materia, Forma y Poder de una República, Eclesiástica y Civil. Fondo De Cultura Económica.

Illich, I. (1971). Deschooling Society. Harper.

Illich, I. (1973). Tools for Conviviality. Harper & Row.

Illich, I. (1981). Shadow Work. Salem: Open Forum.

Illich, I. (1992). In the Mirror of the Past. Marion Boyars.

Illich, I. (2015). Beyond Economics and Ecology. Marion Boyars.

Johnson, A. (1988). The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford University Press.

Kovel, J. (2007). The Enemy of Nature. Zed Books.

Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford University Press.

LeCain, T. (2016). How Did Cows Construct the American Cowboy? En M. W. Ertsen, C. Mauch y R. Edmund (Eds.), Molding the Planet: Human Niche Construction at Work (pp.17-24).

LeCain, T. (2017). The Matter of History. How Things Create the Past. Cambridge University Press.

Lovelock, J. (2000). Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford University Press.

Margulis, L. y Sagan, D. (1986). Microcosm: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. Simon e Schuster.

Margulis, L. y Sagan, D. (2002). Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origin of Species. Basic Books.

Martinez-Alier, J. (1991). Ecology and the Poor: A Neglected Dimension of Latin American History. Journal of Latin American Studies, 23(3), 621-639.

Martinez-Alier, J. (2003). The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Mignolo, W. Escobar, A. (2010). Globalization and the Decolonial Option. Routledge.

Monroe, K. (1996). The Heart of Altruism. Perceptions of a Common Humanity. Princeton University Press.

Moreno, A. (2012). El concepto de vida en la ética contemporánea. Proyecto de investigación. Universidad de Murcia. https://digitum.um.es/digitum/bitstream/10201/29876/1/TAML.pdf

Nieto, F. (2016). Racionalidad, altruismo y bienestar social. Revista Divergenci, 20, 48-54.

Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, State and Utopia, Basic Books.

Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.

Phillips, A. y Taylor, B. (2009). On Kindness. Penguin.

Pirenne, H. (1914). The stages in the social history of capitalism. The American Historical Review, 19(3), 494-515.

Pointing, C. (2007). A green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. Vintage.

Porto-Gonçalves, C. y Leff, E. (2015). Political Ecology in Latin America: the Social Re-Appropriation of Nature, the Reinvention of Territories and the Construction of an Environmental Rationality. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, 35, 65-88. doi:10.5380/dma.v35i0.43543

Quijano, A. (2000). Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina. En E. Lander (Comp.), La colonialidad del saber: eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales (pp. 246). Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (Clacso).

Rachlin, H. (2002). Altruism and selfishness. Behavioral and brain sciences, 25(2), 239-250.

Robson, J. y Lichtestein, G. (2013). Current Trends in Latin America Commons Research. Journal of Latin American Geography, 12(1), 5-31.

Rosseau, J. (2012). El Contrato Social. Taurus.

Rowe, J. (2013). Our Common Wealth, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Russell, E. (2011). Evolutionary History: Uniting History and Biology to Understand Life on Earth. Cambridge University Press.

Sánchez, J., Domínguez, R., León, M., Samaniego, J. y Sunkel, O. (2019). Recursos naturales, medio ambiente y sostenibilidad: 70 años de pensamiento de la CEPAL. Santiago: Cepal.

Schor, J. y Vallas, S. (2021). The sharing economy: Rhetoric and reality. Annual Review of Sociology, 47, 369-389.

Scott, A. (2008). Social Economy of the Metropolis: Cognitive-Cultural Capitalism and the Global Resurgence of Cities. Oxford University Press.

Simmons, I. (2008). Global Environmental History, 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Edinburgh University Press.

Smith, A. (1997). La teoría de los sentimientos morales. Alianza Editorial.

Smith, J. (2009). Solidarity networks: what are they? And why should we care? The Learning Organization, 16(6), 460-468.

Solón, P. (2017). Derechos de la Madre Tierra. Alternativas sistémicas, 133.

Thompson, W. (1996). On food-sharing, communion, and human culture. En J. Golliher y W. Logan (Eds.), Crisis and the renewal of creation: World and church in the age of ecology (pp. 144). Continuum.

Visvanathan, S. (1991). Mrs. Bruntland’s Disenchanted Cosmos. Alternatives, 16(3), 377-84.

Wall, D. (2014). The Commons in History: Culture, Conflict, and Ecology. The MIT Press.

Weston, B. y Bollier, D. (2013). Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights, and the Law of the Commons. Cambridge University Press.

Wilson, E. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Harvard University Press.

Wilson, E. (1978). On Human Nature. Harvard University Press.

Weber, M. (1949). Methodology of the Social Sciences. The Free Press.

Published

2024-06-04

How to Cite

de Majo , C. ., & Cáñez Cota, A. (2024). The powerless extremes: Balancing altruism and individualism in environmental policy formulation. Investigación &Amp; Desarrollo, 32(2), 265–294. https://doi.org/10.14482/indes.32.02.658.455

Issue

Section

Reflexion Articles