The promotion of the digitalization of the ports of the Spanish Port System through the Business Observation Tool
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14482/inde.38.2.650Keywords:
Business Observation Tool, Digitalization, Ports 4.0, Spanish Port SystemAbstract
The Port System is immersed in a digital transformation process towards the concept of Ports 4.0. This entails new regulatory and connectivity requirements, making it necessary to implement the new technologies offered by the market towards digitalization. This article aims to offer Spanish Port Authorities a new Business Observation Tool (BOT) methodology that will allow them to successfully undertake the digitization of the Spanish port system. At the heart of the model are the resources and motivations as the axes that allow its viability. Thus, personal elements are studied by those who design the business, the context of observation (place, people and history) and finally the macro-environment. With the application of the aforementioned methodology, it can be concluded that Spanish ports are currently in a medium-high position in terms of digitalization, and that they continue to update and innovate in order to be increasingly competitive in this market. Once again, it is clear that technology alone is not useful to achieve Smart Ports/Ports 4.0.
References
L. Heilig, E. Lalla-Ruiz y S. Voß, “Digital transformation in maritime ports: analysis and a game theoretic framework”, Netnomics: Economic Research and Electronic Networking, vol. 18, no. 2-3, pp. 227-254, dic. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-017-9122-x
L. Heilig, S. Schwarze y S. Voß. (1 sep. 2017). An analysis of digital transformation in the history and future of modern ports [En línea]. Disponible en: https://aisel.aisnet.org/hicss-50/da/decision_support_for_scm/2/
A. C. Orive, J. I. P. Santiago, M. M. E. I. Corral y N. González-Cancelas, “Strategic analysis of the automation of container port terminals through BOT (business observation tool). Logistics, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 3, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics4010003
M. G. Cimino, F. Palumbo, G. Vaglini, E. Ferro, N. Celandroni y D. La Rosa, “Evaluating the impact of smart technologies on harbor’s logistics via BPMN modeling and simulation”, Information Technology and Management, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 223-239, sep. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10799-016-0266-4
A. R. González, N. González-Cancelas, B. M. Serrano y A. C. Orive, “smart ports: ranking of Spanish port system”, World Scientific News, vol. 144, pp. 1-12, 2020.
A. Esparza, M. D. M. Cerbán y F. Piniella, “State-owned Spanish Port System oversizing: an analysis of maximum operational capacity”, Maritime Policy & Management, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 995-1011, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2017.1344784
B. Molina Serrano, N. González-Cancelas, F. Soler-Flores y A. Camarero-Orivea, “Classification and prediction of port variables using Bayesian Networks”, Transport Policy, vol. 67, 57-66, sep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.07.013
J. I. Castillo-Manzano, M. Castro-Nuño, X. Fageda y M. Gonzalez-Aregall, “Evaluating the effects of the latest change in Spanish port legislation: another “turn of the screw” in port reform?”, Case Studies on Transport Policy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 170-177, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2015.01.005
B. Molina-Serrano, N. González-Cancelas y F. Soler-Flores, “Artificial intelligence model to analyze sustainability management of maritime ports”, Dyna, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 67-74, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/8508
I. Pérez, M. M. González y L. Trujillo, “Do specialisation and port size affect port efficiency? Evidence from cargo handling service in Spanish ports”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 138, pp. 234-249, ag. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.05.022
B. Molina Serrano, N. González-Cancelas y F. Soler-Flores, “Análisis de la influencia de la administración portuaria en la sostenibilidad de los puertos mediante técnicas de inteligencia artificial”, Rect@, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 137-152, 2017. Doi:10.24309/recta.2017.18.2.03
Santos Martín, A.E., González-Cancelas, N., Molina Serrano, B. y Soler-Flores, F. “Towards the sustainability of the Spanish Port System through the business observation tool”, Maritime Engineering, vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 135-144, ag. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmaen.2017.19
B. López-Bermúdez, M. J. Freire-Seoane, C. Pais-Montes y E. Lesta-Casal, “Port-city development: the spanish case”, Transactions on Maritime Science, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 82-89, 2020. doi: 10.7225/toms.v09.n01.007
N. González Cancelas, B. Molina Serrano, M. Esteban Infantes, F. Soler Flores y A. Camarero Orive, “Escenario de digitalización para el sistema portuario español”, Revista Transporte y Territorio, vol. 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.34096/rtt.i22.6377
A. Rodrigo González, N. González Cancelas, B. Molina Serrano y A. C. Orive, “Preparation of a smart port indicator and calculation of a ranking for the spanish port system”, Logistics, vol. 4 no. 2, p. 9, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics4020009
B. Molina Serrano, N. González-Cancelas y F. Soler-Flores, “Analysis of the port sustainability parameters through Bayesian networks”, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, vol. 6, p. 100030, jun. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100030
J. J. Cubero Marín, “Industria 5.0, sociedad 5.0 y la agenda 2030”, Forum Calidad, vol. 30, no. 307, pp. 40-46, 2019.
T. Samanés, N. González-Cancelas y B. Molina Serrano, “Integración de indicadores medioambientales e indicadores de desempeño operacional en terminales de graneles sólidos sucios del sistema portuario español”, Revista Rect@, vol. 20, pp. 77-93, 2019. Doi: 10.24309/recta.2019.20.1.05
B. Kang. (2019). Innovation process in public research institute: case studies of AIST, Fraunhofer, and ITRI [En línea]. Disponible en: https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/9794
M. Pournader, Y. Shi, S. Seuring y S. L. Koh, “blockchain applications in supply chains, transport and logistics: a systematic review of the literatura”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2063-2081, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1650976
W. Kersten, T. Blecker y C. M. Ringle, “Digitalization in supply Chain management and logistics: smart and digital solutions for an industry 4.0 environment”, Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), vol. 23, pp. 343-359, 2017. doi:10.15480/882.1442
C. A. Durán, F. M. Córdova y F. Palominos, “A conceptual model for a cyber-social-technological-cognitive smart medium-size port”, Procedia Computer Science, vol. 162, no. 94-101, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.263
T. Inkinen, R. Helminen y J. Saarikoski, “Port digitalization with open data: challenges, opportunities, and integrations”, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 30, my. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5020030
A. Di Vaio y L. Varriale, “Management innovation for environmental sustainability in seaports: managerial accounting instruments and training for competitive green ports beyond the regulations”, Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 783, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030783
M. Acciaro, K. Renken y N. El Khadiri, “Technological change and logistics development in european ports”, en European port cities in transition: strategies for sustainability, A. Carpenter y R. Lozano, Eds. Cham: Springer, 2020, pp. 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36464-9_5
C. Jahn, W. Kersten y C. M. Ringle, “Digitalization in maritime and sustainable logistics: city logistics, port logistics and sustainable supply chain management in the digital age”, en Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL) 24, 2017. doi:10.15480/882.1446
R. Sánchez y E. Barleta, “Reflexiones sobre el futuro de los puertos de contenedores por el nuevo comportamiento de la contenedorización”, Boletín FAL, vol. 366, 2018.
I. Ilin, C. Jahn, J. Weigell y S. Kalyazina, “Digital technology implementation for smart city and smart port cooperation”, en International Conference on Digital Technologies in Logistics and Infrastructure (ICDTLI 2019), Atlantis Highlights in Computer Sciences, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2991/icdtli-19.2019.87
A. Rodrigo González, N. González-Cancelas, B. Molina Serrano y A. C. Orive, “Preparation of a smart port indicator and calculation of a ranking for the spanish port system”, Logistics, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 9, my. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390 /logistics4020009
M. J. M. Moreira, M. C. V. Ortega, E. B. M. Palacios & M. S. T. Panezo. “Claves para la transformación digital de las pymes”, Visionario Digital, 4(1), 67-80. 2020
R. Sánchez y L. Mouftier, “Reflexiones sobre el futuro de los puertos: del estrés actual al cambio y la innovación del futuro”, Boletín FAL, vol. 352, 2016.
R. Sánchez, E. Palma Barleta y L. Mouftier, “Reflexiones sobre el futuro de los puertos de contenedores”, Serie Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura, vol. 186, 2017.
W. Buck, J. Gardeitchik & A. van der Dejil. “Move Forward: Step By Step Towards A Digital Port”. https://www.britishports.org.uk/system/files/documents/smart_port_papers.pdf
T. Vanelslander y C. Sys, Eds., Maritime supply chains. Ámsterdam: Elsevier, 2020.
S. Berns, R. Dickson, J. Dragt y I. Vonck, smart ports: point of view. Países Bajos: Deloitte Port Services, 2017.
