Gender stereotypes as predictors of hostile and benevolent sexism in heterosexual men and woman
Keywords:
sexismo hostil, sexismo benevolente, estereotipos, género, discriminaciónAbstract
Gender stereotypes assign traits to men and women generating social segregation and are related to sexist attitudes that undervalue women through overt hostility or apparent benevolence. The objectives of this study were to identify gender stereotypes and manifestations of Hostile and Benevolent Sexism in heterosexual men and women, and to determine whether stereotypical beliefs together with demographic characteristics predict the type of sexism. Using a cross-sectional predictive design, 475 people (62.3% women, 33.7% men) were evaluated, completing the analysis with the general sample and with men and women separately, to calculate linear regression models in each subsample. Two stereotypical forms were identified, a) Traits and characteristics of male superiority, and b) Male dominance; both predict Benevolent Sexism, but the stereotypes of male superiority present a higher level of explanation of the variable (R2=.39, f2=.63>.35, 1-?=1.0), than those based on male dominance (R2=14, f2=.16>.15, 1-?=1.0). Hostile Sexism is also predicted by the first group of stereotypes (R2= 41, f2=.69, 1-?=1.0). Among men, both stereotypes predict sexist ways, while among women the effect of male dominance stereotypes is of little relevance. Stereotypes that assume male superiority (independence, intelligence, leadership, etc.) are the main predictors of sexist attitudes.
References
Algovia, E. (2021). Acceptance of ambivalent sexism in trainee teachers in Spain and Latin America countries.Anales de Psicología,37(2), 253-264. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.37.2.441791
Almansa-Martínez, A., & Gómez de Travesedo-Rojas, R. (2017). El estereotipo de mujer en las revistas femeninas españolas de alta gama durante la crisis. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72, 608-628. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1182
Ato, M., López, J. J. & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología.Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Becker, J., & Wright, S. (2011). Yet another dark side of chivalry: Benevolent sexism undermines and hostile sexism motivates collective action for social change. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 101, 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022615
Boira, S., Chilet-Rosell, E., Jaramillo-Quiroz, S., & Reinoso, J. (2017). Sexismo, pensamientos distorsionados y violencia en las relaciones de pareja en estudiantes universitarios de Ecuador de áreas relacionadas con el bienestar y la salud. Universitas Psychologica, 16(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-4.spdv
Bosak, J., Eagly, A., Diekman, A., & Sczesny, S. (2018). Women and men of the past, present, and future: Evidence of dynamic gender stereotypes in Ghana. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(1), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117738750
Bosson, J., Rousis, G., & Felig, R. (2021).Curvilinear Sexism and Its Links to Men’s Perceived Mate Value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,23.https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211009726
Burguete, M., Martínez, J., & Martín, G. (2010). Actitudes de género y estereotipos en enfermería. Cultura de los Cuidados, 14(28), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.7184/cuid.2010.28.06
Cárdenas, M., Lay, S., González, C., Calderón, C., & Alegría, I. (2010). Inventariodesexismoambivalente:adaptación,validaciónyrelaciónconvariablespsicosociales. Salud y Sociedad, 1(2), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.22199/S07187475.2010.0002.00006
Carrasco, C., Bonilla-Algovia, E., & Ibáñez, M. (2020). Ambivalent sexism in adolescents of Castilla-La Mancha. Revista de Educación, 392, 91-114. https://doi.org/10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2021-392-480
Connor, R., Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (2016). Ambivalent sexism in the twenty-first century. EnC.G. Sibley & F.K. Barlow (Eds.).The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice(pp. 295-320). Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.013
Cuervo, S., Medrano, C., & Aierbe, A. (2016). Televisión y valores percibidos por los adolescentes: diferencias transculturales y de género.Educación XX1,19(2). https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.16472
Díaz-Loving, R., González-Rivera, I., & Baeza-Rivera,M. (2019). Sexismo: una configuración a partir de las premisas histórico-psicosocioculturales. Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología, 1(3), 287-293. https://cutt.ly/1J70jM0
Delgado-Álvarez, M., Sánchez, G., & Fernández-Dávila, J. (2012). Atributos y estereotipos de género asociados al ciclo de la violencia contra la mujer. Universitas Psychologica, 11(3), 769-777. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy11-3.aega
Donnelly, K., & Twenge, M. (2017). Masculine and feminine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, 1993–2012: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 76(9-10), 556-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0625
Eldabli, A., Franiuk, R., & Coleman, J. (2021). Racially Charged: The impact of ambivalent sexism on black and white women arrested for prostitution.Race and Social Problems, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09341-4
Falcón, L., Díaz-Aguado, M. J., & Núñez, P. (2016). Advertising and Sexism with focus groups of preadolescents.Infancia y Aprendizaje,39(2), 244-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2015.1133089
Faul, F. (2020). G*Power 3.1 Manual. Alemania: Universität Kiel. https://cutt.ly/8J7dbRp
Garaigordobil,M.,&Aliri,J.(2011).Sexismo hostil y benevolente: relaciones con el autoconcepto, el racismo y la sensibilidad intercultural. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 16(2), 331-350. https://cutt.ly/CJ70F1c
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
Glick, P., Fiske, S., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J., Abrams, D., Masser, B., Adetoun, B., Osagie, J., Akande, A., Alao, A., Annetje, B., Willemsen, T., Chipeta, K., Dardenne, B., Dijksterhuis, A., Wigboldus, D., Eckes, T.,Six-Materna, I., Expósito, F., . . . López, W. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 763-775.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.763
González-Rivera, I., & Díaz-Loving, R. (2018). Efecto de la creencia en el mundo justo sobre el sexismo ambivalente. Psicología Iberoamericana, 27(2), https://doi.org/10.48102/pi.v27i2.49
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1999). Análisis Multivariante(5a Eed.) (D. Cano, Traductor). España: Prentice Hall.
Hammond, M., & Overall, N. (2017). Dynamics within intimate relationships and the causes, consequences, and functions of sexist attitudes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(2), 120-125. https://doi.org/0.1177/0963721416686213
Hammond, M., Milojev, P., Huang, Y., & Sibley, C. (2018). Benevolent sexism and hostile sexism across the ages.Social Psychological and Personality Science,9(7), 863-874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617727588
IBM (2014). Guía del usuario de IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Core System. IBM.
Larrañaga, M., & Sánchez, A. (2017). Actitudes sexistas y construcción de género. Itinerario de lectura para la igualdad. RES, Revista de Educación Social, 24. https://bit.ly/35mN00o
López-Zafra, E., & García-Rematero, R. (2021). Are gender stereotypes changing over time? A cross-temporal analysis of perceptions about gender stereotypes in Spain. International Journal of Social Psychology, 36(2), 330-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2021.1882227
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P.J. (2019). Robust Promin: a method for diagonally weighted factor rotation. LIBERABIT, Revista Peruana de Psicología, 25, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2019.v25n1.08
Madolell, R., Gallardo, M. & Alemany, V. (2020). Los estereotipos de género y actitudes sexistas de los estudiantes universitarios en un contexto multicultural. Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado, 24(1), 284-303. https://doi.org/10.30827/profesorado.v24i1.8148
Malonda, E., Tur-Porcar, A., & Llorca, A. (2017). Sexism in adolescence: Parenting styles, division of housework, prosocial behaviour and aggressive behaviour.International Journal of Social Psychology,32(2), 333-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2017.1291745
Meagher, B. (2017). Judging the gender of the inanimate: Benevolent sexism and gender stereotypes guide impressions of physical objects. British Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12198
Ortega, A. & Lluna, F. (2016). Liberación de los estereotipos sexistas: otra forma de manipular a las mujeres. Comunicación y Hombre, 12, 177-190. https://cutt.ly/3EP9sP3
Osborne, J. (2002). Notes on the use of data transformations. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.7275/4vng-5608
Ramiro-Sánchez, T., Ramiro, M., & Bermúdez, M. (2018). Sexism and sexual risk behavior in adolescents: Gender differences. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18(3), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.04.002
Ramos, M., Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., Moya, M. & Ferreira, L. (2018). What hostile and benevolent sexism communicate about men’s and women’s warmth and competence. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(1), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216656921
Recio, P., Cuadrado, I., & Ramos, E. (2007). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Detección de Sexismo en Adolescentes (DSA). Psicothema, 19(3), 522-528. https://cutt.ly/JJ72s2l
Rodríguez, M., & Ruiz, M. (2008). Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencia sobre la estructura factorial. Psicológica, 29(2), 205-227. https://cutt.ly/VJ7DUzW
Rojas, P., & Moreno, R. (2016). Sexismo hostil y benevolente en adolescentes: una aproximación étnico-cultural.Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 72(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.35362/rie72126
Saldívar, A., Díaz-Loving, R., Reyes, N., Armenta, C., López, F., Moreno, M., Romero, A., Hernández, J., & Domínguez, M. (2015). Roles de género y diversidad: Validación de una escala en varios contextos culturales.Acta de investigación psicológica,5(3), 2124-2147.https://doi.org/10.1016/s2007-4719(16)30005-9
Shnabel, N., Bar-Anan, Y., Kende, A., Bareket, O., & Lazar, Y. (2016). Help to perpetuate traditional gender roles: Benevolent sexism increases engagement in dependencyoriented cross-gender helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 55-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000037
Templeton, G. (2011). A Two-Step Approach for transforming continuous variables to normal: Implications and recommendations for IS research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 28. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.02804
Timmerman, M., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16, 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353
Velasco, A., & Hernández G. (2017). Tradicionalismo en mujeres adultas de Jamay, Jalisco, desde las premisas psico-socioculturales de la familia mexicana. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 20(4), 1296-1313. https://cutt.ly/QJ72mYa
Villanueva-Blasco, V., & Grau-Alberola, E. (2019). Gender and age differences in the internalization of gender stereotypes in Early and Mid adolescence.Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology,17(47), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v17i47.2184
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2024-11-16 (5)
- 2023-11-28 (4)
- 2023-05-24 (3)
- 2023-05-15 (2)
- 2023-04-15 (1)
Issue
Section
License
The Editor and/or publisher submitting the current journal information, or article, hereby confirms: 1) the author’s participation in the work; 2) the author’s approval to be referred to as the author; and 3) the author’s acceptance to all the conditions included in the Copyright Assignment provision herein included. The author (hereinafter referred to as Assignor) hereby irrevocably transfers and assigns, at no cost, to the Revista Psicología del Caribe of the Psychology School at Universidad del Norte - ISSN: 2011-7485 - (hereinafter referred to as Assignee) all rights, titles and interests, including all copyrights in Colombia and throughout the World, related to the submitted article.
The Assignor acknowledges that he/she is the owner/creator and the article is original. The Assignor declares that the article had not, is not, or will not be submitted elsewhere for print or electronic publication. In such an event, the Editor of the Revista Psicología del Caribe should be notified, in writing, and his/her response is required prior to evaluating the submitted article. The Assignor swears there is no impediment that prevents this Copyright Assignment. The Assignor consents that he/she may be held accountable for any copyright violations, plagiarism, or any other claim that may surge.
In consideration of this provision, the Assignee is authorized to copy, reprint, distribute, publish, and commercialize the submitted article through electronic, digital, of paper means. However, the Assignee is obligated to comply with the moral rights of the author, as established in the Act 23 of 1982, art. 30.
All articles published in Psicología desde el Caribe and its contents are under Creative Commons license CC BY. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
