This is an outdated version published on 2023-05-24. Read the most recent version.

Psychosocial impact of forced disappearance. A vision of mothers searching for their loved one.

Authors

  • Psicología Desde el Caribe Universidad del Norte
  • Gabriela Linares Acuña Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
  • Javier Álvarez Bermúdez Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Abstract

Forced Disappearance a more frequent reality in our society: the figures show that in Mexico there are 61, 637 missing persons as of March 2020.
But the most important thing is to consider the mechanisms that are necessary for the care of those relatives who are looking for their loved one, mainly the mothers of the disappeared, who are affected physically and psychologically.
Objective: to carry out an analysis of the psychosocial impact based on emotions, thoughts, coping and social support in mothers of disappeared persons and their contribution to the search process.
The participants were ten mothers of disappeared persons from the State of Coahuila, Mexico.
Methodology: qualitative Data collection technique: a semi-structured interview. Qualitative data were subjected to discourse analysis.
Results: the emotions denoted by the participants at the beginning of the search process are very specific, then they diversify and multiply, they become more intense and directly affect the process. The thoughts are mainly focused on evasiveness and denial in the face of the disappearance; coping directly affects your daily life, your habits and customs. The perceived social support focuses on their families and on groups or associations that assist them in carrying out the search.

References

Agudelo, M.E., & Estrada, P. (2012). Constructivismo y Construccionismo Social: Algunos puntos comunes y algunas divergencias de estas corrientes teóricas. Prospectiva, 17(1), 353-378. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5857466.pdf

American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologistics and code of conduct. Washington, D.C. Disponible en: www.apa.org/ethics/code

Arcila, P., Mendoza, Y., Jaramillo, J., & Cañón, O. (2010). Comprensión del significado desde Vygostky, Bruner y Gergen. Diversitas: Perspectivas en Psicología, 6(1), 37-49. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/679/67916261004.pdf

Arenliu, A., Shala-Kastrati, F., Berisha Avdiu, V.,& Landsman, M. (2017). Posttraumatic Growth Among Family Members With Missing Persons From War in Kosovo: Association With Social Support and Community Involvement. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 0(0), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817725679

Arnoso-Martínez, M., Cárdenas-Castro, M., Beristain, C. M., & Afonso, C. (2017). Armed Conflict, Psychosocial Impact and Reparation in Colombia: Women’s Voice. Universitas Psychologica, 16(3), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-3.acpi

Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (2003). La construcción social de la realidad. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu editores.

Boelen, P. A., Keijser, J.,& Smid, G. (2015). Cognitive–Behavioral Variables Mediate the Impact of Violent Loss on Post-Loss Psychopathology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(4), 382–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000018

Bravo, N; (2015). Acciones políticas y experiencias artísticas de reclamo por desaparición forzada de personas en Argentina. Economía y Sociedad, 19(32), 71-85. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=51040665005

Can, B. (2014). State-making, evidence-making, and claim-making: The cases of torture and enforced disappearances in post-1980 Turkey (Order No. 3668096). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, (1647473148) Recuperado de http://search.proquest.com/docview/1647473148?accountid=40148

Carver, C. S.,& Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 679-704. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352

Castro, E., & David, Y. (2018). Impacto psicosocial del conflicto armado en familias víctimas de la desaparición forzada. Revista UNIMAR, 36(1), 79-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31948/unimar.36-1.5

Comisión Nacional de Búsqueda [CNB]. (2021). Contexto General. Recuperado de : https://versionpublicarnpdno.segob.gob.mx/Dashboard/ContextoGeneral

Faúndez, X. L., Azcárraga, B., Benavente, C., & Cárdenas, M. (2018). La Desaparición Forzada de Personas a Cuarenta Años del Golpe de Estado en Chile: un Acercamiento a la Dimensión Familiar. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 27(1), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v27n1.63908

Garcia, M. (2016). "Forced disappearances in Mexico: Justice is nowhere to be found." Washington Report on the Hemisphere. Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Recuperado de: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3989014351.html

Gergen, K. J. (2007). Construccionismo social, aportes para el debate y la práctica. Bogotá: Uniandes.

Gergen, K. J. (1996). Realidades y relaciones: aproximación a la construcción social. Barcelona: Paidós.

Gibbs, G. (2012). El análisis de datos cualitativos en Investigación Cualitativa. Madrid: Morata, S.L.

Hagl, M., Powell, S., Rosner, R., & Butollo, W. (2015). Dialogical Exposure with traumatically bereaved bosnian women: Findings from a controlled trial. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 22(6), 604-618. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1921

Hakulinen C, Pulkki-Råback L, Jokela M, et al. (2016). Structural and functional aspects of social support as predictors of mental and physical health trajectories: Whitehall II cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 70(7), 710-715. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206165

Hernández, F. (2003). El constructivismo como referente de las reformas educativas neoliberales. Educere, 7 (23), 433-440. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=35602317

Higuera, N., Orozco, J., & Molina, N. (2012). Evaluación de grupos de autoapoyo con enfoque generativo en personas afectadas por el conflicto político armado colombiano. Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia, 4(1), 21-33. Recuperado de: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2145-48922012000100003&lng=pt&tlng=es

Kemper, T. D. (1978). A Social Interactional Theory of Emotions. New York: Wiley.

Kemper, T. D. (1987). How many emotions are there? Wedding the social and autonomic components. American Journal of Sociology, 93(2), 263–289. https://doi.org/10.1086/228745

Larsen, S.E.,& Berenbaum, H. (2014). The Effect of Participating in a Trauma and Stressful Event Focused Study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 333-340.DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22029

Lazarus, R.S., & Lazarus, B.N. (2000). Pasión y razón. La comprensión de nuestras emociones. Bilbao: Paidós.

Lenferink, L. I. M., Keijser, J., Piersma, E.,& Boelen, P. A. (2017). I’ve changed, but I’m not less happy: Interview study among nonclinical relatives of longterm missing persons. Death Studies, 1, 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1347213

Lenferink L. I. M., Keijser J., Wessel I., Vries, D., & Boelen P. A. (2017). Towards a better understanding of psychological symptoms in people confonted with the disappearance of a loved one. A sistematical review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 0(0), 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1524838017699602

Macías, M.A., Madariaga, C., Valle, M., & Zambrano, J. (2013). Estrategias de afrontamiento individual y familiar frente a situaciones de estrés psicológico. Psicología desde El Caribe, 30(1), 123-145. Disponible en:http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=21328600007

Merino, J., Zarkin, J. & Fierro, E. (2015, January). Desaparecidos. Nexos: Sociedad, Ciencia, Literatura, 37(445), 11-17. Recuperado de: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=uacoah&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA405677927&asid=ff619e4ec4b6069f3896f06e90c77e10

Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS] (2016). Disponible en: www.oms.orgPérez, P., Durán, T.,& Bacic Herzfeld, R. (2000). Long-term psychosocial consequences in first degree relatives of people detained disappeared or executed for political reasons in Chile. A study in Mapuce and Non-Mapuce persons. Psicothema, 12, 109-116. Disponible en: http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/404.pdf

Registro Nacional de Datos de Personas Extraviadas o Desaparecidas (RNPED). Informe Anual, 2018. México. Recuperado de: https://www.gob.mx/sesnsp/acciones-y-programas/registro-nacional-de-datos-de-personas-extraviadas-o-desaparecidas-rnped

Rodríguez-Marín, J., Pastor, M. A., & López-Roig, S. (1993). Afrontamiento, Apoyo social, Calidad de vida y Enfermedad. Psicothema, 5(1), 349-372. Disponible en: http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/1148.pdf

Rosas, T.,& Alemán, V. (12 de octubre de 2017). Aprueban Ley General en materia de Desaparición Forzada. Excelsior. Recuperado de: http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2017/10/12/1194322#view-1

Subramaniam, J., Mohammad,., Hatta, Z.,& Muhammod, A. F. (2014). Implications of Enforced Disappearances on Women-headed Families in the Northern Province, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(4), 236-243. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_4_Special_Issue_February_2014/27.pdf

Vanguardia.mx (2020). [en línea]. Disponible en: vanguardia.com.mx/articulo/búsqueda-de-desaparecidos-esta-atorada-afirma-comisionada [2020, 03 de marzo].

Vásquez, J. H., Echeverri, M. C., Moreno, J. C., Carrasco, N. E., Ferrel, F. R., & Ferrel, L. F. (2018). El apoyo social percibido por las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. El Ágora USB, 18(2), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/16578031.3387

Villacieros, M., Serrano, I., Bermejo, J.C., Magaña, M.,& Carabias, R. (2014). Social support and psychological well-being as possible predictors of complicated grief in a cross-section of people in mourning. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 944-951. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.154691

Published

2022-10-03 — Updated on 2023-05-24

Versions