Palabras clave
Caribbean
United States
National Geographic
empire
cane. Azúcar
Caribe
National Geographic
imperio
caña
Estados Unidos Agúcar
Caribe
EUA
National Geographic
imperio
cana
Resumen
El trabajo analiza el discurso visual promovido por la revista National Geographic a lo largo de varias décadas del siglo XX durante las cuales se desarrolló la industrialización azucarera bajo la égida del capital estadounidense. Las fotografías publicadas, utilizadas aquí como documentos históricos, son viñetas que dan cuenta de un proceso que inicia con la promoción del espacio para el cultivo, muestra las condiciones propicias para desarrollarlo, el crecimiento de la producción, sus elevados niveles de exportación y la decadencia de la actividad.Citas
Allmon, Charles, "Barbados, Outrider of the Antilles", National Geographic Magazine, marzo de 1952.
Allmon, Charles, "Happy-go-Lucky Trinidad and Tobago, Britain's Caribbean colony, busy source of oil, sugar, and cacao, finds time for the calypsos and cricket", National Geographic Magazine, enero de 1953.
Allmon, Gwen D., "Martinique, a tropical bit of France", National Geographic Magazine, febrero de 1959.
Anaya Merchant, Luis (coord.), Mercados del azúcar e intervención estatal en el Caribe y México: una comparación internacional en el siglo XX, México, UAEM, 2014.
Ayala, César J., American sugar kingdom. The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Canova, Enrique C., "Cuba: the isle of romance", National Geographic Magazine, septiembre de 1933.
Cerruti, James, "Jamaica goes it alone", National Geographic, diciembre de 1977.
Cerruti, James, "The Dominican Republic: Caribbean comeback", National Geographic, octubre de 1977.
Clarke, Nell Ray, " The Haunts of the Caribbean corsairs: The West Indies a geographic background for the most adventures episodes in the history of the western hemisphere", National Geographic Magazine, febrero de 1922.
Craig, John Houston, "Haitian Vignettes", National Geographic Magazine, octubre 1934.
García Muñiz, Humberto, "Interregional transfer of biological technology in the Caribbean. The impact of BarbadosJohn R. Bovells cane research on the Puerto Rican sugar industry, 1888-1920s", en Revista Mexicana del Caribe, Núm. 3, 1997, pp. 6-40.
García Muñiz, Humberto, "La plantación que no se repite: las historias azucareras de la República Dominicana y Puerto Rico, 1870-1930", en Clío, Núm. 169, Santo Domingo, enero-junio de 2005.
García Muñiz, Humberto, Sugar and power in the Caribbean: The South Porto Rico Sugar Company in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, 1900-1921, Kingston, Ian Randle Publishers/Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2010.
Gayer, Jacob, "Hispaniola rediscovered", National Geographic Magazine, enero de 1931.
Grosvenor, Melville B., "Cuba-American Sugar Bowl", National Geographic Magazine, enero de 1947.
Grove, Noel, "The Caribbean sun, sea and seething", National Geographic, febrero de 1981.
Heyward, Du Bose y Daisy Reck, " The American Virgins, after dark days, these adopted daughters of the United States are finding a new place in the Caribbean Sun", National Geographic Magazine, septiembre de 1940.
Hill, Robert, "Cuba", National Geographic Magazine, mayo de 1898.
Hill, Robert, "Porto Rico", National Geographic Magazine, marzo de 1899.
Howard, Henry, "Southward ho! In the Alice", National Geographic Magazine, marzo de 1938.
La Gorce, John O., "Porto Rico, the gate of riches: amazing prosperity has been hte Lot of Ponce de León's isle under American Administration", National Geographic Magazine, diciembre de 1924.
La Gorce, John O., "Jamaica, the isle of many rivers", National Geographic Magazine, enero de 1927.
Lindbergh, Charles, "To Bogotá and back by air: The narrative of a 9500 mile flight from Washington over thirteen Latin American countiries an return, in the single-seater airplane Sprit of St. Louis", National Geographic Magazine, mayo de 1928.
Long, John, "Puerto Rico: Watchdog of the Caribbean. Venerable domain under American flag has new role as West Indian Stronghold and Sentinel of the Panama canal", National Geographic Magazine, diciembre de 1939.
Lutz, Catherine y Jane L. Collins, Reading National Geographic, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Marden, Luis, "Americans in the Caribbean", National Geographic Magazine, junio de 1942.
Mc Dowell, Bart, "Puerto Rico's seven league Bootstraps", National Geographic, diciembre de 1962.
Merleaux, April, Sugar and Civilization: American Empire and the Cultural Politics of Sweetness, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
Mitchell, Carleton, "Carib cruises the West Indies", National Geographic Magazine, enero de 1948.
Moore, W. Robert, "Jamaica-Hub of the Caribbean, once a Haunt of Bucaneers, this ever summer isle lures vacationist and prospers from newly exploited alumminum ore", National Geographic Magazine, marzo de 1954.
Muñoz, Laura, Fotografía imperial, escenarios tropicales. Las representaciones del Caribe en la revista National Geographic, México, Instituto Mora/El Colegio de Michoacán, 2014.
Nazario Velasco, Rubén, El paisaje y elpoder, San Juan, Ediciones Callejón, 2014.
Newman, Oliver P., " The land Columbus loved", National Geographic Magazine, febrero de 1944.
National Geographic Magazine, "An American Gibraltar. Notes on the Danish West Indies", julio de 1916.
National Geographic Magazine, "Cuba, The Pearl of the Antilles", octubre de 1906.
Nicholas, William H., "Growing pains beset Puerto Rico", National Geographic Magazine, abril de 1951.
Rainey Langley, Anne, "British West Indian Interlude", National Geographic Magazine, enero de 1941.
Richards, Bill, "The uncertain State of Puerto Rico", National Geographic, abril de 1983.
Sanford Critchell, Laurence, "Crossroads of the Caribbean", National Geographic Magazine, septiembre de 1937.
Santiago, Esmeralda, Pról., The photographs of Jack Delano, Library of Congress, 2010.
Scofield, John, "Haití, West Africa in the West Indies, undaunted by staggering problems, the Caribbean's creole republic fights for a place in the New World sun", National Geographic, febrero de 1961.
Scofield, John, "Virgin Islands: Tropical playland, U.S.A. Gleaming beaches, duty free bargains, and a hint of Old Denmark, lure vacationers to these climate-blessed Caribbean isles", National Geographic Magazine, febrero de 1956.
Thompson, Krista, An eye for the tropics. Tourism, photography, and framing the Caribbean picturesque, Durham, Duke University Press, 2006.
Ward, Fred, "Inside Cuba today", National Geographic, enero de 1977.
White, Peter T., "Cuba at a crossroads", National Geographic, agosto de 1991.
Zanetti, Oscar, Esplendory decadencia del azúcar en las Antillas hispanas, San Juan, Ediciones Callejón, 2015.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
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