Contracts of Carriage of Goods by Sea: from the US Harter Act 1893 to the Rotterdam Rules 2008 and the Colombia – USA/EU trade agreements

Abstract

The evolution of the law of maritime transportartion of goods has shown a permanent conflict between the interest of the cargo sector and the carrier sector. The system that has been established in the continental codification and in the common law, allowed agreements between parties such as the establishment of no responsibility clauses that favor the carrier sector. These clauses did not allow the cargo sector to recover from damages and delays caused by the carriers. In response, the operators proposed a general rule based on minimum requirements to both parties. This legal instrument was integrated to the Hague/Visby Rules 1924, The Hamburg Rules and recently to the Rotterdam Rules 2008. Together, all of these rules establish an imperative system to the parties that include exoneration and limitations to the carrier’s liability. The Colombia - US/EU free trade agreements created two free zones with the two biggest markets in the world. Under these circumstances maritime activities became essential, and the current legal instruments recognize principles such as freedom of establishment, domestic treatment, and most favored nation, which will allow for free trade development in maritime services.